GNSS techniques for real-time monitoring of landslides: a review

Abstract Currently, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Real-Time Kinematic positioning (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques are widely employed for real-time monitoring of landslides. However, both RTK PPP have their limitations, such as limited service coverage or long convergence times. PPP-RTK technique which integrates is a novel approach landslides with the advantages rapid convergence, high-precision, wide area. This study summarizes limitations RTK, PPP, suggests some improved strategies. Their performances compared analyzed using real data. The experiment results demonstrate that best option small-scale (the baseline distance < 15 km) landslide without considering cost. converges to centimeter-level accuracy in tens minutes, only suitable stability analysis reference stations. Over large area 100 km), can provide excellent horizontal adapt range response demand accuracy, vertical significantly impacted by elevation difference. Finally, characteristics three integrated form comprehensive considers intelligence, robustness, real-time.